ISO 1070-2018 pdf free.Hydrometry一Slope-area method.
The slope—area method is most often used to document a flood or very high flow event. The friction slope defined in the flow resistance formulae is approximated by surveying high-water marks on both banks within the measuring reach to determine the change in water surface elevation, determining the velocity heads at each section, and evaluating the loss due to contraction or expansion. The high- water marks should extend upstream of the most upstream cross section and downstream of the most downstream cross section. The high-water marks may consist of drift on banks, wash lines, seed lines on trees, mud lines, and drift in bushes or trees. Each high-water mark should be rated as excellent, good, fair or poor, which will help with interpreting the high-water profile and slope. Mud lines and seed lines on tree trunks or structures typically are excellent high-water marks. Drift and wash lines are usually good, fair or poor depending on the tendency of the stream bank vegetation to bounce back from the forces exerted on it by the flowing water. Care should be exercised in using high-water marks on trees and other obstacles in high-velocity areas because they may be more representative of the total energy than the water level, which will reduce the accuracy of the computed discharge.
The high-water marks should be surveyed as soon as possible after the flood. If this is not practical, the marks should he preserved with paint, nails, flagging or labels until the survey can be done.
6.2 Crest-stage gauges
If the site is to be used for periodic measurement of high flows, a series of crest-stage gauges installed on each side of the reach can be used to determine the high-water profile and slope. There should be at least one crest-stage gauge at the left and right bank of each cross section; cross-section locations should reflect known hydraulic changes in the measurement reach (observed slope breaks in the high- water profile, for example). The crest-stage gauges should conform to ISO 4373.
6.3 Pressure transmitters
If the site is to be used for periodic measurement of high flow or continuous measurement of flood hydrographs, a series of recording gauges installed on each side of the reach can be used to determine the high-water profile and slope; as noted in fL2. cross-section locations should reflect any known hydraulic changes in the measurement reach. The recording devices can be individual water-level recording gauges, or a series of pressure transmitters connected to a single data logger or recorder.
6.4 Reference gauge
The water levels determined by surveying high-water marks or from crest-stage or recording gauges should be referenced to national or local datum by precise levelling to the nearest benchmark. If the site is maintained as a stage-discharge gauging station, the water levels should be surveyed to the reference gauge whether it is a vertical staff gauge or inclined gauge. The reference gauge shall conform to ISO 4373 and be securely fixed to an immovable, rigid support in the stream or river.ISO 1070 pdf free download.
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